WEST VIRGINIA HIGHWAYS
State and National Highway-Related Milestones

The economic growth and prosperity of the United States (US) is attributable in no small part to the quality of its transportation systemóa system greatly dependent upon highways.  In order to fully appreciate the West Virginia (WV) highway system, a brief summary of national and State transportation milestones is presented.
  NOTE:  Brackets indicate a location in what is now West Virginia.

	1743		The first established road recorded in what is now West Virginia is built, connecting Winchester, Virginia, to the home of Colonel Morgan Morgan (the first white settler in what is now WV) in Bunker Hill [Berkeley County].

	1760		Since neither the Maryland charter of 1632 nor the Pennsylvania charter of 1681 are precise about territory, Britain orders a survey to settle a dispute between the Calverts of Maryland and the Penns of Pennsylvania over where their land begins and ends; Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon are hired for $75,000 to conduct the survey.

	1764		Mason and Dixon begin their survey about ten miles west of Delmar, Maryland.

	1767		The Mason-Dixon survey ends just northwest of Morgantown [Monongalia County], where surveyors are stopped by hostile Indians; the Mason-Dixon Line is approved two years later.

	1782		The first improved road into the Greenbrier Valley is built, connecting Warm Springs, Virginia, and Lewisburg [Greenbrier County].

	1784		Surveyors extend the Mason-Dixon Line 23 miles to the southwest corner of Pennsylvania; the total length of the survey line, which separates Pennsylvania from Maryland and [West] Virginia, and Delaware from Maryland, is 320 miles.

	1785		The Virginia General Assembly incorporates the James River Company to connect the James River with the New and Great Kanawha Rivers by constructing a road over the Allegheny Mountains to the Falls of the Great Kanawha River; this route generally follows the path of the Old Kanawha Trail and becomes known as the James River and Kanawha Turnpike.

	1786		The first road directly connecting the eastern and western settlements in Virginia is authorized by the Virginia General Assembly; known as a ìState roadî (although not built entirely from public funds), the road will connect Winchester to Morgantown [Monongalia County], via Romney [Mineral County].

	1788		A ìState roadî is constructed from Winchester to Clarksburg [Harrison County], via Philippi [Barbour County].

	1789		A ìState roadî is constructed from Clarksburg to Point Pleasant [Mason County].

	1794		The first regular federal post route is established from Hagerstown, Maryland, to Morgantown, to Brownsville, Pennsylvania; another post route is established between Morgantown and Wheeling [Ohio County].

		The first macadamized road in the US, the Lancaster Turnpike, is completed at a cost of $465,000; this road connects Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

	1800		The nationís first timber covered bridge is built by Timothy Palmer at Middle Ferry, Pennsylvania.

	1801		Judge James Finley builds the nationís first suspension bridge, a 70-foot chain link structure, over Jacobs Creek, near Greensburg, Pennsylvania.

	1802		The first federal financial aid specifically for the construction of roads is incorporated into the Ohio Statehood Enabling Act; the Act provides that five percent of the proceeds of the sale of public (federal) lands in Ohio is to be set aside for roads.

	1806		The US Congress appoints a committee to determine a route to the west that will access the wilderness beyond the Ohio River, and may be used as a means to carry the mail, transport emigrants to the frontier, promote political unity of east and west, and enable the movement of both troops and supplies; the route chosen becomes known as the National Road (also called the National Pike, the Cumberland Road and the Bank Road).

	1818		The National Road is completed from Cumberland, Maryland, to Wheeling.

	1823		The first macadam road surface in the nation is constructed between Hagerstown and Boonsboro, Maryland.

	The Virginia General Assembly orders surveys for a highway that will extend from Staunton, Virginia, to the mouth of the Little Kanawha River in western Virginia; this highway becomes known as the Staunton-Parkersburg Turnpike.

	1827		The Northwestern Turnpike is incorporated; this route, which will connect Winchester and Parkersburg [Wood County], is intended to compete with the National Road by providing a shorter route to the west.

	1836		The nationís first cast-iron bridge, an 80-foot arch span, is constructed over Dunlap Creek in Brownsville, Pennsylvania, by the US Corps of Engineers.

	1838		The Northwestern Turnpike is completed.

The Charleston and Point Pleasant Turnpike is completed, connecting Charleston [Kanawha County] to the west.

	1840		The nationís first two iron truss highway bridges are built over the Erie Canal.

	1846		The nationís first wooden plank road opens to traffic in Syracuse, New York.

	1847		The Staunton-Parkersburg Turnpike is completed.

	1848		The Giles, Fayette and Kanawha Turnpike, connecting Kanawha Falls [Fayette County] and Pearisburg, Virginia, is completed.

	1849		Charles Ellet builds the 1,010-foot Wheeling Suspension Bridge over the Ohio River; when completed, it is the longest bridge span in the world.

	1850		The Virginia General Assembly authorizes the survey and construction of the Princeton-Red Sulphur Springs Turnpike, connecting Princeton [Mercer County] and Red Sulphur Springs [Monroe County].

	1851		The Weston and Gauley Bridge Turnpike is incorporated, and construction of the road begins.

	1861		Union troops take command of the Philippi Covered Bridge, using it as a barracks, in the first land battle of the Civil War.

	1863		By proclamation of President Abraham Lincoln, on June 20, West Virginia becomes the nationís 35th state; all previously existing road laws of Virginia are adopted, with virtually no change.

	1871		Portland cement is manufactured for the first time in the US, at Allentown, Pennsylvania.

	Both New York City and Philadelphia become the first cities to use asphalt paving.

	1873		The WV Legislature allows county courts to let road maintenance contracts to the lowest bidder, if approved by the local voters.

	1877		Yellowstone National Park is allotted $15,000 for roads, the first such appropriation in a national park.

	1878		The first American all-steel bridge spans are built for the Missouri River Bridge at Glasgow, Missouri.

	1881		The responsibility of collecting WVís road taxes is given to the county sheriffs.
	1885		Karl Friedrich Benz of Mannheim, Germany, builds the first reliable internal combustion engine automobile; this three-wheeled vehicle has an electric ignition, a water cooling system, differential gear and surface carburetor.

	1889		The nationís first reinforced concrete bridge is constructed in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California.

	1890		The national Good Roads Movement begins when organized bicyclists launch a public relations campaign to stir sentiment favorable to ìmore and better roadbuilding.î

	1891		New Jersey enacts the first state-aid road program in the nation.

WVís capitation tax is enacted, requiring that all males over 2l years of age be levied a one dollar fee, to be used exclusively for maintenance, repair and construction of the State local system of county roads in which the tax is collected; in lieu of payment, this tax could be ìworked outî by laboring on the roads for one day.

	1892		Massachusetts becomes the first state to create a State Highway Commission.

	1893		The Agricultural Appropriation Act of 1893 appropriates funds for determining the best methods of road making and the best systems of road management; as a result, the Office of Road Inquiry is established within the US Department of Agriculture.

	The US Congress appropriates $10,000 for an experimental program of rural mail delivery.

	The nationís first brick pavement on a rural road is placed near Cleveland, Ohio.

	1896		The US Post Office Department establishes the first experimental rural delivery routes from Charles Town, Halltown and Uvilla, WV.

	1897		The Office of Road Inquiry initiates construction of short sections of object lesson roads, as a means of demonstrating the method for good road construction.

	1899		The Office of Road Inquiry becomes the Office of Public Road Inquiries.

	The River and Harbor Act of 1899 requires permits to build bridges over navigable waters.

	1901		The nationís first highway-user tax, a vehicle registration fee of one dollar, is implemented in New York.

	The nationís first highway tunnel (of substantial length and constructed to accommodate automobile traffic) is completed; the Third Street Tunnel passes through Bunker Hill in downtown Los Angeles, California.

	1902		The American Automobile Association (AAA) is organized to combat restrictive legislation concerning vehicle registration requirements and other regulations.

	1905		The Agriculture Appropriation Act of 1905 merges the Division of Tests of the Bureau of Chemistry with the Office of Public Road Inquiries to form the Office of Public Roads.

	1906		Vanadium alloy steel becomes available in the US; as a result, Henry Ford redesigns his big, heavy touring car into a much smaller and lighter vehicleóthe Model T.

	1907		WVís county courts are authorized to macadamize, and keep in good repair, any toll road or turnpike that has been abandoned by its owner or operator, and to condemn land needed for roads and highways; this action is considered by many to be the beginning of the Good Roads Movement in the State.

	1908		Maryland adopts an intercounty seat trunkline system, the first such system to be placed under state control for both construction and maintenance.

	State aid for WVís public highways is first provided to the counties and is apportioned based on the amount of road taxes levied and collected in the counties;  the State will pay one third of the cost of construction on approved State-aid projects, while the county and its districts are to provide the remaining two thirds.

	1909		Wayne County, Michigan, builds the nationís first rural public road surfaced with portland cement concrete.

	The WV Legislature establishes the State Road Fund (designating certain tax receipts to it), the Office of the State Commissioner of Public Roads, and the offices of county road engineers.

	1910		Officials of 30 state and interstate organizations, including highway departments, railroads, good roads associations, and others, form the American Association for Highway Improvement.

	1911		The WV Legislature abolishes the Office of the State Commissioner of Public Roads, the State road tax, State-aid for highways, and the State Road Fund, and enacts legislation whereby all road work is placed under the direct authority of the county court and the county road engineer.

The first penetration macadam road in WV is constructed in Harrison County; the road extends west of Clarksburg along the old Northwestern Turnpike.

	1912		The Post Office Appropriation Act of 1912 provides $500,000 for use on the nationís post roads in those states requesting such aid; however, each state (or its subdivision) must match the federal dollars on a two-to-one basis.

	The Agriculture Appropriation Act of 1912 sets aside ten percent of the receipts from the national forests as a ì10-percent fundî for financing forest highways.

		The American Association for Highway Improvement becomes the American Highway Association.

	1913		The WV Legislature creates the State Road Bureau.

	1914		The American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) is organized to provide assistance to state highway departments; as one of its first acts, the organization prepares, for the consideration of the US Congress, a bill authorizing federal aid to highways.

	1915		The Office of Public Roads becomes the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering.

	1916		The Federal Aid Road Act of 1916 provides federal aid (an appropriation of $75 million for five years) to the states for the improvement of any rural road over which the US mail is, or might later be, transported; changes the appropriation factors to equal amounts (one third each) according to area, population, and rural post road mileage; and  requires states to provide 50 percent of the funds to establish a state highway department and to be responsible for the maintenance of the highways.

		The Nationís first approved federal-aid highway project is for the construction of a 20-foot concrete road in California.

	1917		The WV Legislature replaces the State Road Bureau with the State Road Commission, agrees to match federal funds with State funds, and agrees to maintain all roads constructed with federal-aid funds; for the first time in WV, automobile registration and license fees are collected.

		The first centerline on a rural state highway is painted between Marquette and Ishpeming, Michigan.

	1918		The Office of Public Roads becomes the Bureau of Public Roads.

	1919		The Post Office Appropriation Act of 1919 appropriates $200 million for improvements of rural post roads, many damaged during World War I, and directs the transfer of surplus war material, equipment and supplies from the War Department  to the Department of Agriculture.

	1920		The Good Roads Amendment of 1920 is passed by popular vote, thereby authorizing the issuance of no more than $50 million in bonds for the construction of roads to connect the county seats within West Virginia.

	1921		The Federal Highway Act of 1921 requires that each state designate seven percent or less of its total road mileage as a federal-aid system, increases the limit of federal participation in road costs to $20,000 per mile, and requires pavement surface width of interstate roads be a minimum of 18 feet.

The WV Legislature issues $15 million in road bonds and designates revenues from motor vehicle licenses to the newly created State Road Fund.

	1922		The US Army produces the ìPershing Map,î depicting for the first time the main roads of prime importance in time of war; all the routes on this map are eventually incorporated into the federal-aid system.

	1923		The nationís first parkway, New Yorkís Bronx River Parkway, is opened to traffic; this four-lane, low-speed, access-controlled recreational road connects the public parks of northern New York City with city reservoirs in Westchester County.

	The WV Legislature issues $15 million in road bonds and enacts the Stateís first gasoline tax ($0.02 per gallon); the proceeds from this tax are to be deposited in the State Road Fund and may be used for repair, maintenance and reconstruction of roads and highways, and for the payment of interest on State road bonds.

	1924		The US Congress authorizes the US Secretary of the Interior to construct, reconstruct and improve roads and trails in the national parks and appropriates $10 million over four years for such roads.

	1925		The Joint Board on Interstate Highways devises the sign details and the numbering system of all US Numbered Route Highways; this numbering system uses even numbers for east/west routes, odd numbers for north/south routes, and multiple digit numbers for long distance routes.

	The WV Legislature issues $20 million in road bonds and increases the gasoline tax, first to $0.03 per gallon, and then to $0.035 per gallon.

	1927		The first national manual on rural traffic control signs, the Uniform Manual for Highway Signs, is published by AASHO.

	The first metropolitan area traffic counting in the nation occurs in the Cleveland area; the count is completed with the cooperation of the Bureau of Public Roads.

	The WV Legislature authorizes the issuance of an additional $15 million in road bonds and increases the gasoline tax to $0.04 per gallon.
	1928		WV voters approve the Good Roads Amendment of 1928, authorizing the issuance of $35 million in road bonds.

	1929		The WV Legislature issues $20 million in road bonds and creates the State Bridge Commission.

	1930		The US Congress advances $80 million to the states for matching regular federal-aid apportionments.

	The National Conference on Street and Highway Safety issues the Manual on Street Traffic Signs, Signals and Markings, the nationís first manual on urban traffic signs.

	The WV Legislature issues $15 million in road bonds.

	1931		The WV Legislature authorizes the reissuing of $10 million in bonds.

	1932		The Emergency Relief and Construction Act of 1932 appropriates $120 million in advances to the states to match federal-aid funds (these advances are to be repaid by deduction from regular federal-aid apportionments over a period of ten years) and allows one percent additions to the federal-aid highway systems.

	The first federal gasoline tax ($0.01 per gallon) is enacted.

	The WV Tax Limitation Amendment of 1932, passed while the Great Depression is at its worst in the State, limits the amount of funds that might be raised from local property taxes to such a degree that it is determined the counties will no longer be able to finance the construction and maintenance of local roads.

	The WV Legislature abolishes the State Bridge Commission; all responsibilities of that Commission are transferred to the State Road Commission.

	1933		The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 provides $400 million in grants to the states without the requirement that they be matched by state funds; these funds may be used for construction on ìsecondary and feeder roadsî not on the federal-aid system, and, for the first time, for projects on urban streets that are extensions of the federal-aid highway system to and through municipalities.

	The federal gasoline tax is increased to $0.015 per gallon.

	The WV Legislature passes an act that places practically all roads in the State Road System and relieves the counties of the responsibility of their upkeep; 4,4l7 miles are officially designated as the new State primary system of roads, while the secondary system contains an additional 29,098 miles of roadway.

	1934		The Hayden-Cartwright Act of 1934 appropriates $200 million for unmatched grants to the states; provides recession emergency funds of at least 25 percent of total cost for feeder routes; authorizes expenditures not to exceed one and a half percent of the federal funds for surveys, plans and engineering investigation; abolishes the limit on federal payment per mile of road; requires states to use not less than one percent of their apportionments for the improvement of roadsides; and further provides for a one-third reduction of the federal-aid allotment to any state that increases its percentage diversion of highway-user funds.

	The federal gasoline tax is decreased to $0.01 per gallon.

The WV State Road Commission issues its first permits for trucks.

WVís first Forest Highway Funds are used in the Monongahela National Forest in Pendleton County.

	1935		The Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 provides $200 million for the elimination of railroad grade crossing hazards.

	The first Manual on of Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways is issued by AASHO.

	With the completion of the last segment in Nebraska, US 30 becomes the nationís first paved transcontinental highway.

	The first segment of the German autobahn opens to traffic; this network would become a model for the US Interstate Highway System.

		The WV Legislature authorizes the reissuance of $10 million in road bonds and initiates the ìprivilege tax,î a two percent tax levied on motor vehicles at the time of certification, which is deposited into the State Road Fund and used to match federal-aid funds allocated to the State for highway construction and maintenance.

	1936		The Agricultural Appropriations Act of 1936 allows a state to use as much as one and a half percent of its matched federal aid for plans, surveys and engineering investigations for future work; this money provides the stimulus and the means for statewide highway planning surveys in every state.

	The WV Legislature appropriates a $2 million surplus from the General Fund to the State Road Fund, and gives the State Road Commission the right to acquire by eminent domain any bridge or bridge site across any stream separating WV from an adjoining state.

	1937		The WV gasoline tax is increased to $0.05 per gallon.

	1938		The Federal-aid Highway Act of 1938 authorizes landscaping and roadside development with regular federal-aid funds and also authorizes the construction of rest areas along the main highways.

	1939		The Bureau of Public Roads is transferred from the US Department of Agriculture to the Federal Works Agency and renamed the Public Roads Administration.

	1940		The Federal Highway Act of 1940 gives the Commissioner of Public Roads specific authority to give priority to defense highways in approving federal-aid projects.

	The federal gasoline tax is increased to $0.015 per gallon.

	The Pennsylvania Turnpike opens to traffic; this 160-mile toll facility is the prototype of the modern, high-speed Interstate highway.

	The Tacoma Narrows Bridge, a 2,800-foot suspension bridge over Puget Sound in Washington, fails due to the aerodynamic forces caused by high winds; this failure leads to considerable research and improvement of future structures.

	1941		The Defense Highway Act of 1941 appropriates funds for construction on the strategic highway network and authorizes funds, without apportionment, for projects on access roads; these funds are to be available with or without state matching, and are usable for purchasing right-of-way and for off-street parking.

The Market Street Bridge in Weirton (Brooke County) and the Silver Bridge in Point Pleasant are purchased by the State and freed from toll.

	1943		The 1943 Highway Act (amending the Defense Highway Act of 1941) serves as a bridge between wartime and postwar programs by extending the emergency funding programs of the 1941 Act and amending the definition of construction in order to continue the use of federal-aid highway funds for the purchase of right-of-way.

	1944		The Federal-aid Highway Act of 1944 authorizes a 40,000-mile National System of Interstate Highways (although no funds are specifically provided for its construction); provides for a specific system of secondary federal-aid highways (to be selected by the states and not limited in size); recognizes, for the first time, a system of urban extensions of rural federal-aid highways; and authorizes, by system with a 45:30:25 ratio, funds for primary, secondary, and urban (ABC) systems for each of three successive years.

	The Public Roads Administration, with the help of the Bureau of the Census, develops the ìorigin-and-destination survey,î a sampling technique used to estimate future traffic flows.

The Shadle Bridge in Point Pleasant is freed from toll.

	1945		ìMinimumî and ìDesirableî design standards for the Interstate System are developed by AASHO and approved by the Federal Works Administrator.

	Good Roads Committees are formed, and $4 million are earmarked for ìfarm-to-marketî road improvements.

	1946		The General Bridge Act of 1946 requires that, within 20 years of construction or acquisition, tolls be removed from all interstate bridges.

	California completes the nationís first statewide highway needs study.

The Prince Bridge in Fayette County, the Chelyan Bridge in Kanawha County, the Parkersburg-Belpre Bridge and the Williamstown-Marietta Bridge in Wood County, and the St. Marys-Newport Bridge in Pleasants County are all freed from toll.

	1947		The 47-mile Maine Turnpike opens to traffic.

	The WV Legislature enacts a law permitting the construction of toll roads, and creates the Department of Motor Vehicles to regulate driverís licenses and the titling and registration of motor vehicles, and the Aeronautics Commission to supervise and control all commercial airports and landing fields, aviation schools, and other phases of aerial activity.

	1948		The General Bridge Act of 1946 is amended to extend the period for removing tolls to 30 years.

	WV voters approve the Fifty Million Dollar Bond Issue to provide funds for the construction of a system of State secondary roads and highways.

Construction begins on WVís first limited-access highwayóUS ll9/WV l0 in Logan County.

	1949		The Public Roads Administration is transferred to the US Department of Commerce and becomes the Bureau of Public Roads.

	1950		The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1950 permits states to borrow funds in the bond market against future federal-aid apportionments; increases federal participation in right-of-way costs to 50 percent; allows states to use future federal-aid apportionments to retire the principal of bonds issued to finance improvements on the Primary System, including the Interstate System; and requires state highway departments to hold public hearings for all projects bypassing cities or towns.

	The first edition of the Highway Capacity Manual is published by the Bureau of Public Roads.

	The New Hampshire Turnpike opens to traffic.

	1951		The federal gasoline tax is increased to $0.02 per gallon; the first federal tax on diesel fuel ($0.02 per gallon) is enacted.

	1952		The Federal-aid Highway Act of 1952 authorizes, for the first time, funds solely for the construction of the National System of Interstate Highways; this Act apportions $25 million (to be matched by the states on a 50:50 basis) for each of fiscal years 1954 and 1955.

	The 117-mile New Jersey Turnpike opens to traffic; the success of this and certain other toll roads marks the beginning of a national toll road movement.

	Colorado builds the 17-mile Denver-Boulder Turnpike.

	1953		Oklahoma completes the 88-mile Turner Turnpike between Oklahoma City and Tulsa.

	1954		The Federal-aid Highway Act of 1954 increases the federal-aid program to $875 million per year, earmarks $l75 million in fiscal years 1956 and 1957 for the Interstate System and increases the federal share to 60 percent on Interstate projects.

President Dwight D. Eisenhower appoints a Federal Interagency Committee to study highway policy within the Government and asks General Lucius D. Clay to head an advisory  committee (thereafter known as the Clay Committee) of prominent citizens to determine national transportation needs and recommend a financing plan.

In November, the West Virginia Turnpike opens to traffic; the two-lane toll road from Charleston to Princeton is the Stateís first high-speed expressway.

	1955		The Clay Committee report, A 10-Year National Highway Program, is submitted to President Eisenhower.

	1956		The passage of the Federal-aid Highway Act and the Highway Revenue Act of 1956 earmarks Federal highway-user revenues for federal highway aid by creating the Highway Trust Fund and appropriating into it the proceeds of all federal taxes on motor fuel, tires and tread rubber, and portions of certain other excise taxes, resulting in a wholly highway-user supported ìpay-as-you-goî federal-aid highway program; requires that the Davis-Bacon Act of 1935 should apply to all contracts for the Interstate System; provides for accelerated completion of the ìNational System of Interstate and Defense Highwaysî (the Interstate System); and requires public hearings for projects through cities and towns.

		Missouri becomes the first state to award a contract with the new Interstate Construction funding, for work on US 66 (now I-44) in Laclede County; additionally, work begins on US 40 (now I-70) in St. Charles County, becoming the first Interstate project to begin construction.  The first concrete paving initiated after the enactment of the 1956 Act begins on a two-lane section of US 40 (now I-70), west of Topeka, Kansas.

	The federal gasoline and diesel fuel taxes are each increased to $0.03 per gallon.

	1957		AASHO announces the numbering scheme for the Interstate System and displays the red, white and blue Interstate shield, which is a combination of designs submitted by Missouri and Texas; the Bureau of Public Roads subsequently approves the numbering plan and the route marker.

	1958		The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1958 requires public hearings for all Interstate System projects.

	1959		The federal gasoline and diesel fuel taxes are each increased to $0.04 per gallon.

	WV enacts the Motor Carrier Road Tax, imposing a tax on each gallon of gasoline and other fuel used by every motor carrier operating within the State.

	1962		The Federal-aid Highway Act of l962 increases the total appropriation for the primary, secondary and urban extensions (ABC) systems; authorizes the US Secretary of Commerce to make payments for ìreasonable and necessary expensesî required for the relocation of families; requires comprehensive planning in urban areas (those with a population of 50,000 or more people); and requires state highway agencies to spend a minimum one and a half percent of apportioned funds for research and planning.

The US Congress approves the Highland Scenic Highway, a 165-mile, two-lane forest road between Gormania (Grant County) and Richwood (Nicholas County), which is to be patterned after Virginiaís Skyline Drive.

	1964		WV voters approve the Better Roads Amendment of 1964, which allows the issuance of $200 million in bonds for the construction of free State roads and highways.

	1965		The Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965 authorizes funds to provide a highway system that will serve areas possessing development potential, but where commerce and communication have been inhibited by a lack of adequate access (of the thirteen Appalachian states, only West Virginia is located entirely within the Appalachian Regionís boundaries).

The Federal Highway Beautification Act of 1965 is enacted to control the erection and maintenance of outdoor advertising signs, displays, and devices in areas adjacent to the Interstate and primary systems.

	1966		Several federal regulations are enacted: the Department of Transportation Act of 1966 creates the US Department of Transportation to develop and coordinate national transportation policies and programs that are consistent with other national objectives; the Highway Safety Act of 1966 provides a coordinated national safety program by requiring each state to have a highway program designed to reduce traffic accidents, and creates the National Highway Safety Agency; the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 establishes safety standards for motor vehicles involved in interstate commerce, expands the national driver registry and establishes both the National Motor Safety Advisory Council and the National Traffic Safety Agency; the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 requires special planning consideration for historic resources affected by federal public works projects; and a provision in the Federal-aid Highway Act of 1966, the ì4(f)î provision, is intended to mitigate the impact of a transportation project on the land within a park, recreational area, wildlife/waterfowl refuge, or historic site.

	1967		The Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965 is amended to authorize $715 million for the program over the following four fiscal years.

	The Bureau of Public Roads joins the newly created US Department of Transportation and becomes the Federal Highway Administration.

The WV Legislature authorizes the issuance and sale of $20 million in road bonds, and replaces the Stateís primary and secondary systems with a functional road classification consisting of four systems: Expressway (X), Trunkline (T), Feeder (F), and State Local Service (SLS).

On December 15, one of the most dramatic and tragic failures of a major engineering structure occurs in Point Pleasant, as the Silver Bridge, a 39-year old eyebar suspension bridge across the Ohio River, collapses, killing 46 people; subsequent investigations show the failure was initiated by fracture of an eyebar in the suspension chain and could not have been detected by any current inspection method without disassembly of the eyebar.

	1968		The Federal-aid Highway Act of l968 establishes national bridge inspection standards (effected by the collapse of the Silver Bridge in 1967), requires a national functional classification study, and requires the extension of Davis-Bacon coverage to all federal-aid highway projects.

WV voters approve the Roads Development Amendment of 1968 for the issuance of $350 million in bonds for road construction.

	1969		The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) requires a written evaluation of the environmental impacts of a proposed transportation project; this evaluation must then be made available to interested parties for public comment.

	1970		The Federal-aid Highway Act of l970 establishes a new federal-aid urban system (the D system) in ìurbanizedî areas (those with populations of 50,000 or more); establishes the Bridge Replacement and Rehabilitation Program; and authorizes ìeconomic growth center development highwaysî to revitalize and diversify the economy of rural areas and smaller communities (in WV, only Huntington (Cabell County) and Parkersburg are eligible for this program).

The 1970 Clean Air Act establishes National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and mandates greater integration of transportation and air quality planning procedures.

The Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970 requires state transportation agencies to pay fair market value for the acquisition of homes within a proposed project right-of-way and to provide suitable housing for persons displaced by the project.

The WV Legislature authorizes the sale of $90 million in road bonds, changes the name of the State Road Commission to the Department of Highways, and increases the gasoline tax to $0.085 per gallon.

	1971		The WV Legislature authorizes the sale of $110 million in road bonds, repeals the capitation tax, and increases the motor vehicle privilege tax to five percent, with all revenues to be deposited into the State Road Fund.

	1972		The responsibility for the construction and maintenance of roads within WVís State parks and forests, and public hunting and fishing areas, is transferred from the Department of Natural Resources to the Department of Highways.

	1973		The Federal-Aid Highway Act of l973 allows the Highway Trust Fund, for the first time, to be used for public mass transportation systems; allows bicycle facilities and pedestrian walkways to be financed with federal-aid funds; and authorizes federal-aid funds for noise abatement measures on existing federal-aid highways.

The Highway Safety Act of 1973 establishes the Highway Safety Improvement Program.

The Endangered Species Act of 1973 requires the determination of the presence or absence of threatened or endangered species within a proposed project area.

	The American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) becomes the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO).

	Funds for construction of the Highland Scenic Highway are authorized by the US Congress; this parkway, from Richwood to Barton Knob (Pocahontas County), is to be considerably shorter than the route approved in 1962.

WV voters approve the Better Highways Amendment of 1973 for the issuance of $500 million in bonds for road construction.

	1974		In an effort to reduce the nationís need for imported oil during a gas crisis, the US Congress establishes a national maximum speed limit of 55 mph.

	1976		The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1976 establishes the Interstate 3R (resurfacing, restoring, and rehabilitating) program; additionally, the federal-aid systems are realigned on a functional classification system basis, resulting in a federal-aid system mileage decrease of almost 3,800 miles in WV.

	1977		The New River Gorge Bridge on US 19 in Fayetteville (Fayette County) opens to traffic, completing a major link in the Stateís expressway system by connecting I-77 and I-79; this bridge rises 876 feet above the New River and has a length of 3,030 feet, making it the longest single-span, steel arch bridge in the world.

	1978		The Surface Transportation Assistance Act of l978 consolidates safety construction programs by establishing the Hazard Elimination Program and contains several provisions to accelerate completion of the Interstate System.

		The Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) is developed in an effort to provide data on the conditions, performance, usage and operating characteristics of the nationís highways for use in developing and evaluating federal-aid highway programs and funding levels.

		The WV Legislature increases the gasoline tax to $0.l05 per gallon.

		The Winfield Bridge is freed from toll.

	1980		The manufacture of ethyl alcohol for personal use in the production of gasohol is permitted in WV, with the stipulation that it may not be sold; former Prisoners of War (POWs) and recipients of the Congressional Medal of Honor are exempted from paying vehicle registration fees.

	ìBridge Dayî is held for the first time; this annual one-day event allows parachutists to jump from the New River Gorge Bridge.

	1981		The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1981 establishes the Interstate 4R (resurfacing, rehabilitation, restoration and reconstruction) program.

	WV now requires child passenger restraint devices in vehicles that regularly transport a child under five years of age.

		WV voters reject a road bond amendment for the first time in State history, as the $750 million Roads for Jobs & Progress bond issue is soundly defeated.

	1982		The Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 establishes the Mass Transit Account within the Highway Trust Fund; this Account is to receive one ninth of the motor fuel tax revenues, to be used for transit capital expenditures.

	1983		The federal gasoline and diesel fuel taxes are each increased to $0.09 per gallon.

	WVís five percent wholesale price tax on gasoline and special fuels dedicated to highways is enacted; in effect, this tax increases the State gasoline tax by $0.0485 per gallon, to $0.1535 per gallon.  (Note: hereafter, unless otherwise noted, any WV gasoline tax reported in this chapter includes $0.0485 per gallon as an equivalent wholesale tax.)

		WVís Grant Anticipation Notes Bill is enacted; these notes, issued in anticipation of federal money, will finance improvements on I-64 and the WV Turnpike.

		WV allows vehicles to legally operate with increased size, weight and load limitations on certain routes specified in federal law, and on others which the Commissioner of the Department of Highways may designate.

	1984		The Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1984 sets procedures for determining the safety fitness of carriers.

		The federal diesel fuel tax is increased to $0.15 per gallon.

	WV voters reject the Better Schools, Roads and Public Works Construction Amendment that would impose a statewide levy for schools, and an additional $0.01 in general consumer sales tax for school, highway and bridge construction or replacement; the total bond obligation for highways and bridges would have been $200 million.

	1985		Restrictions are placed on vehicle height, length and saddle mount in WV.

		The WV Legislature creates the New River Parkway Authority to promote recreational, tourism, industrial, economic and community development of the New River Parkway in Raleigh and Summers Counties.

	1986		The Commercial Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1986 establishes a uniform national program to identify, qualify, and control commercial drivers.

WV voters reject the Highway and Bridge Improvement Amendment for the sale of a maximum of $500 million in road bonds, to be funded by the collection of an additional one percent sales tax.

	1987		The Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act of 1987 allows a 65 mph maximum speed limit on rural segments of Interstate System highways, and authorizes funds for the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP), a cooperative research program directed primarily toward highway construction materials and procedures.

	The federal gasoline tax is increased to $0.091 per gallon; the federal diesel fuel tax is increased to $0.151 per gallon.

	The reconstruction of the WV Turnpike, which began in 1973 to meet Interstate System standards, is completed at a total cost of almost $700 million.

	1988		In June, the final segment of I-64 (Sam Black Church to Beckley) is opened to traffic, completing WVís Interstate System; this segment contains the $29 million Glade Creek Bridge, which rises approximately 700 feet above Glade Creek in Raleigh County, and has a length of 2,179 feet.

WVís Small Bridge Program is implemented to enhance the existing bridge program, which is intended to preserve and renovate the Stateís bridges, many of which are structurally obsolete or functionally deficient.

	1989		To encourage the use of wood for bridge construction, the US Congress establishes the Timber Bridge Initiative program, to include research, technology transfer and demonstration bridges.

	The WV Legislature creates the West Virginia Department of Transportation (WVDOT), which has jurisdiction over (among others) the Division (formerly the Department) of Highways, the Parkways, Economic Development and Tourism Authority (WVPEDTA, formerly the WV Turnpike Commission), and the Division (formerly the Department) of Motor Vehicles (DMV).

		The WV Special Highway Fund is created; this Fund is to receive monies from the WVPEDTA as reimbursement of State Road Fund monies used to match federal Interstate funds expended to upgrade the WV Turnpike to Interstate System standards; monies from this Fund may be used only to upgrade or add interchanges, to construct expressway or feeder roads, or to upgrade or construct information centers, visitorsí centers, or rest stops, provided these projects are located within 75 air miles of the WV Turnpike.

	WVís Industrial Access Road Fund is established; this fund is to receive one-half percent of all remaining motor fuel revenues, after administrative costs of the Department of Tax & Revenue are paid, to be dedicated to the State Road Fund, to be used for construction and maintenance of access roads to industrial sites.

		The WV gasoline tax is increased to $0.2035 per gallon.

	1990		The federal gasoline tax is increased to $0.141 per gallon; the federal diesel fuel tax is increased to $0.201 per gallon.

The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 establish criteria for attaining and maintaining air quality standards; areas with levels of pollutant levels that violate the standards are designated as nonattainment areas (for whichever pollutant is involved) and must reduce the emissions from the source (mobile, stationary or area) causing the pollution.

	The Interstate System is renamed the Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways, in honor of the nationís 34th President.

	1991		President George Bush signs the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) which provides authorizations of $155 billion over the following six years for highway, highway safety and mass transit projects; this Act also replaces the existing federal-aid systems (Interstate, primary, secondary and urban) with two systems:  the National Highway System (NHS),  consisting primarily of the existing principal arterial system, and the Interstate System, which is part of the NHS, but receives separate funding; additionally, the Surface Transportation Program (STP) provides funding for any road not functionally classified as local or rural minor collectors.

Appalachian Corridor E (US 48) is officially redesignated as I-68.

	1992		The Commercial Driverís License (CDL) requirement ensures that truck and bus drivers across the country meet uniform standards.

		The WV Rails to Trails Program is established to acquire and develop abandoned railroad rights-of-way for interim use as public non-motorized recreational trails.

	The Midland Trail and the Highland Scenic Highway are designated State Scenic Byways.

	1993		As part of President Bill Clintonís Omnibus Budget Resolution, the federal gasoline tax is increased to $0.184 per gallon; the federal diesel fuel tax is increased to $0.244 per gallon ($0.068 of each tax is to be deposited in the General Fund to be used for deficit reduction).

	The WV gasoline tax is increased to $0.2535 per gallon (the $0.05 increase is to be used solely for matching Federal aid); WV becomes the 43rd state to enact a mandatory safety belt law, by requiring safety belt use by all front-seat passengers and all back-seat passengers under the age of 19.

		The WV Legislature creates the Shawnee Parkway Authority to promote and advance the construction of a scenic parkway through parts of McDowell, Mercer, Mingo, Raleigh, Summers and Wyoming Counties.

	1994		The Coal Heritage Trail is designated a State Scenic Byway.

	West Virginia becomes a member of the International Fuel Tax Agreement (IFTA), a fuel tax reciprocity agreement among the States and the Canadian provinces that simplifies the reporting and payment of all fuel taxes by interstate motor carriers for all IFTA qualified vehicles.

	1995		The National Highway System Designation Act of 1995 (NHS Act) is enacted by President Clinton; almost 160,955 miles of highway compose the NHS, with West Virginiaís portion consisting of over 1,736 miles.  This Act also eliminates the federally mandated 65 mph national speed limit.

		The amount of federal gasoline and diesel fuel tax to be deposited into the General Fund to be used for deficit reduction is decreased to $0.043 per gallon of each fuel.

		The WV Legislature creates the Corridor G Regional Development Authority to promote, develop and advance the business prosperity and economic welfare of the area adjacent to Corridor G (US 119) in Boone, Lincoln, Logan and Mingo Counties.

		The percentage of funds dedicated to the WV Industrial Access Road Fund is increased to three-fourths percent.

	1996		The federal gasoline tax is decreased to $0.183 per gallon; the federal diesel fuel tax is decreased to $0.243 per gallon ($0.043 of each tax is to be deposited in the General Fund to be used for deficit reduction).

	The Highland Scenic Highway is designated a National Scenic Byway by the Federal Highway Administration, becoming one of only 14 such routes in the US.

		WV designates six new Scenic Byways:  Old Route 7, the Cheat River Byway, the Northwestern Turnpike, the Staunton-Parkersburg Turnpike, the Little Kanawha Parkway, and the Farm Heritage Road.

		The WV Legislature creates the Coalfields Expressway Authority to promote and advance the construction of a modern highway through McDowell, Raleigh and Wyoming Counties.

		The $550 million Safe Roads Amendment of 1996 is approved by WV voters; proceeds of the bonds may be used to match available federal funds for highway construction in WV and for general highway construction or improvements in each of the Stateís 55 Counties.

		A State law is enacted requiring that all children under the age of 15 must wear approved protective bicycle helmets while riding a bicycle on public roads, public bicycle paths, and other public rights-of-way.

		A new, 54-m bridge constructed across Buffalo Creek in McKinleyville (Brooke County) is the first bridge in the US to use fiber-reinforced plastic rebars in the concrete deck.

	1997		The WV Legislature creates three highway authorities:  the Robert C. Byrd Corridor H Highway Authority is to promote and advance the construction of a modern highway through Randolph, Tucker, Grant, Hardy, Barbour, Upshur and Lewis Counties; the WV 2 and I-68 Authority is to promote and advance the construction of a modern highway through Wood, Pleasants, Tyler, Wetzel, Marshall, Ohio, Brooke, Hancock, Marion and Monongalia Counties; the Little Kanawha River Parkway Authority  is to promote and advance the construction of a modern highway through Wirt, Braxton, Gilmer, Calhoun and Wood Counties.

		At the request of the WV Legislature, the WVDOH increases the speed limit to 70 mph on most rural Interstate System segments, 65 mph on most rural Appalachian Development Highway Corridor segments, and 60 mph on certain other rural Expressway segments.